Alternative Spring Break - Freshmen Year

Last year I had the privilege to join the highly selective Tulane Alternative Spring Break program. The program required not only an excellent academic performance, , but also an experience in community service and social communications. There were three different destinations that the program aimed to serve. Each destination had its unique need of support. Having a former experience with painting schools in New Orleans and with Habitat for Humanity, I looked for a new social concern to explore, which was homelessness. The Atlanta group was the one who is supposed to deal with homelessness. The trip was not only an illustrative guide to the issue of homelessness but also a remarkable odyssey to the true meaning and value of diversity.

Before the trip, I had to go through classes that aim at raising one’s awareness of homelessness in America and particularly in New Orleans, and Atlanta. During the Atlanta trip, which was about a week long, I was exposed to an array of social services that play an important role in improving the life of the homeless. Activities ranged from serving and sleeping in homeless shelters, working in a food supplier organization, to cleaning public parks which homeless people consider home.

While I was walking down the business district of downtown Atlanta, I noticed the paradox that life could bring about because of socioeconomic differences. Just as hundreds of business people rush, wearing their sunglasses, at noon to get a lunch break from their apparently hectic schedule, a few feet away, dozens of homeless people lie in the shadow of trees laying their cheeks opposite to the businessmen. Both attempt to escape reality by maneuvering their eyesight. Among the homeless were a group of five people gathered around a chess board. Deliberately, I took advantage of the game and I approached them. The group welcomed me and offered me an invitation to take part in the competition. 

The group consisted of a Mexican, two Black males, a White man, and a Black lady. Carrying out conversations with them was easy relative to the circumstances. As a result of their spontaneity, I was able to learn some Spanish, find out about the Christian evangelical approach, hear a political dispute, and listen to some Jazz music with an emotional meaningful solo. Despite their great differences and difficult situation, the group managed to successfully live in harmony. The personal affect of what I saw in that cold afternoon will remain a depiction of the warmth of diversity. This allowed me to look at the homeless in admiration rather than pity.

On the other hand, the selection of group members embedded in me a deep appreciation of cultural nuances.  Each member contributed an exceptional and distinct impression which inspired the group to work harder. We were a group of 15 people who came from all over the United States. Daily, we hold a nightly discussion that begins with a personal reflection and develops to a warm dialogue. I clearly remember that each member of the group had a reasonable argument on approaching the homeless. Although it was an intensive debate, the various perspectives resulted in a vibrant productive discussion.

I realized that creating a diverse society isn’t impossible. However, with diversity comes the massive task of acceptance and appreciation of difference. My Atlanta trip influenced me to broaden my perspective and elucidated the notion of the acceptance of the other. Both of those qualities are needed to structure a society that is formed of small distinct units, just like a mosaic. Hence, solidarity emerges to ensure the harmony of the blend.

Managing a country is similar to managing our Atlanta group. Individuals, who form the group or the country, should be aware of the final objective. The manager of the group plays a vital role in enforcing the objective and, in turn, exploiting differences of opinions. The Atlanta trip encouraged me to look at my life from different angles; it made me be more flexible. After the trip, I have a better conception of diversity and its implications on society. Now, I plan to implant such an idea in the mind of every Saudi Arabian individual.

Joseph and the Coat of Many Colors

The story of Joseph and his brothers conveys how uniqueness and exceptionality can exclude you from the mainstream. Instead of admiring his distinctive merits, Joseph’s brothers attempt to outcast their brother because of envy. On one hand, in the beginning of the story, Jacob’s preference of Joseph over the rest of his brothers triggered envy in Joseph’s brothers. As a result, the only action that they can take to get rid of this predilection was to eliminate Joseph. On the other hand, later on in the story, we can see how power, like the media, can manipulate and distort reality. The wife of Joseph’s boss seduces him to sleep with her. However, when seen by her husband, the wife claims that Josephs have raped her. Here we can see how people in the tower, who hold the power, can exclude a group of people regardless of the reasons.

The Obligation of Funding Qualified Faith-Based Organizations

Since the 1880’s, faith-based organizations have played a major role in providing social services to those in need. Recently, with his faith-based initiative proposition, President Bush triggered a huge controversy on the legitimacy of funding faith-based organizations. On one hand, proponents contend that the initiative represents an acknowledgement of the distinctive, and vital welfare work that faith-based organizations offer to the American society. This recognition includes allowing the faith-based organizations to have equal funding opportunities as other nonsectarian groups. On the other hand, many challenge the initiative by pointing to its future adversaries as well as its unconstitutionalities.  They claim that the initiative incorporates an explicit violation of the civil rights, and allows religious organizations, mainly Christian, to have a greater authority over the government, which intrudes the separation of church and state. Regardless, it is the government’s duty to subsidize qualified faith-based organizations provided both the organization’s consent to the civil rights, and forswear to discriminatory actions. This obligation hinges upon the benefits that these organizations contribute to the welfare of the American society such as presenting social, and medical support to the underprivileged.

Originally, faith-based organizations absorb their motivation from mission-bound principles, and guide themselves by religious beliefs. Indeed, a substantial portion of the services, and activities that they provide conveys their religious identity. In this regard, as long as they don’t utilize governmental funds for inherently religious rituals such as prayer, the current law has provisions that allow faith-based organizations to preserve their religious identities while carrying out publicly funded social programs. Moreover, faith-based initiative advocates, led by President Bush, claim that faith-based employment regulations constitute a part of these organizations’ religious identities. As a result, they believe that the government should not discriminate against those organizations that require their employees to be of a certain creed (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 150). Additionally, President Bush states that the initiative does not unfairly treat faith-based organizations better than secular ones. In fact, these organizations compete against nonsectarian ones for federal fund (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 43).

In opposition to funding faith-based organizations, critics to the initiative not only articulate the discrimination that the funding triggers, but also suspect the constitutionality of the concept of funding faith-based organizations. To begin with, civil libertarians are concerned that not jeopardizing faith-based organizations when they practice discriminatory employment actions would evoke government-sponsored discrimination. They dispute that this proposition conflicts with President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Executive Order in 1941, which suggests that “any business, agency, or group doing business with the federal government (receiving federal contracts) must not discriminate” (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 159).  The usage of government, and taxpayers’ money to fund religious activities forms another argument that opponents employ in their reasoning. For example, Wendy Kaminer argues that “the federal government is funding religious, sectarian activities in violation of the Establishment Clause, a basic violation of First Amendment freedoms.” She explains that religious organizations can use government funds in sponsoring sectarian activities such as proselytizing because sectarian groups do not distinguish between federal money, and their own money (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 178). Also, because of the greater number of Christian Organizations, some argue that the faith-based initiative would allow the government not only to discriminate against minority groups but to implicitly articulate a federal religious preference.

Apparently, the argument of both sides of the conflict encompasses persuasive but at the same time faulty reasoning. In reference to the proponents’ argument, there are two valid key-points that support their claims. First, they confirm that possessing, and conveying a religious identity through government funded programs does not contradict the law.  For instance, they use the 1996 Welfare Reform Act as evidence to support their claim: “Congress has expressly stated that a religious organization that receives federal funds through the programs covered by the Act-TANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families), and Welfare to Work- ‘shall retain’ their independence with respect to ‘definition, development, practice, and expression of’ religious beliefs” (Agreed Statement 18). Second, the implementation of the government’s social welfare plan necessitates the aid of other secular, and religious organizations, because it cannot, by itself, fulfill the needs of society. In his speech at the National Association of Evangelicals president Bush affirms that enhancing funding opportunities to faith-based organizations does not undermine the role of the government in providing social services, however, it enforces the governments’ functions (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 43).

And third, he would make sure that religious “proxy networks” could compete equally with secular nonprofits for public funds. Additionally, he would put performance measures in place to allow qualified and faith-based organizations to seek government funding on the same basis as any other nongovernmental providers of social services. (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 45)

As a result of this need, the government should deem religious groups as regular contracting agencies, and thus it should grant them equal opportunities to compete for federal financial resources with secular proxy networks (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 170). In addition, by comparing the religious and secular organizations, we can see that both of them have the same aims but with different motivations.

Moreover, the community services that faith-based organizations offer reach areas, and communities that the government agencies or nonsectarian groups cannot access. Rural areas residents, and usually people who are on the social fringe, are an example of communities who attribute their social welfare chiefly to faith-based organizations. Authors of Faith-Based Initiatives and the Bush Administration concur remarking that “almost everyone recognizes the important part that faith-based organizations have played, and continue to play in building ties of community in highly individualistic, and often fragmented, sections of society” (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 162). In this regard, Joseph’s homeless shelter, located in suburban Richfield, Ohio, exemplifies faith-based groups which provide services that the government doesn’t offer. The shelter, run by Roman Catholic nuns from the Sisters of Charity of St. Augustine, provides medical treatments that other shelters cannot handle. The director of Joseph’s home, Sister Joan Gallagher, corroborates by emphasizing that “Cleveland has no place else for homeless men with medical problems like a broken limb or a leg burn that doesn’t require intense medical attention.” She further says that “the shelter would have to close if it couldn’t count on federal money” (Sheeran). In addition, the shelter does not discriminate individuals who are of a non-Christian faith. In fact, Gallagher comments that there is an optional prayer in the beginning of group-gatherings that is “led by herself and residents, including a Muslim and a non-believer.” What is more, the nuns who are in charge of the shelter attempted to eliminate most of the religious symbols, such as a chapel, of the shelter’s building, which used to be a religious one (Sheeran). In the same way, my experience as a working volunteer in a homeless shelter in downtown Atlanta supports the presence of faith-based organizations that favor social service over their religious mission. Although I was a Muslim, I didn’t experience any discrimination. At the same time, there was no obligatory religious activity; everything was voluntary.

On the other hand, the Pregnancy Decision Health Center, in Columbus, Ohio, is also a faith-based organization that, as mentioned in their historical fact statement, serves “21,000 women annually.” In their mission statement, the center asserts that presenting services must lack personal prejudice and discrimination against people of certain “races, cultures, and creeds.”  However, in the end of the statement, the center makes it evident that they don’t employ people of a non-Christian faith: “These values are rooted in and flow from the Christian faith of the PDHC Board, Staff and Volunteers.” Likewise, they include prayer, and church as some of the values that the center embodies in its programs (Know All about Us). Despite its valuable support to the community in its vicinity, such a faith-based organization does not qualify to receive federal fund.

Furthermore, the claim that the government should not discriminate against religious organizations that choose their employees on faith basis constitutes a major flaw in proponents’ argument.  Ted Strickland, U.S. representative of the district of Lisbon, Ohio, notes that sponsoring any organization that practice hiring discrimination, which threatens religious freedom, incites a huge revolution on the civil rights, and the First Amendment. Rob Boston, a spokesman for American United separation of Church and State, contends that religious organizations have received federal funds for decades on the basis of abandoning creed-based discrimination (Krawzak). For example, Blood and Fire, a Christian-based shelter in downtown Atlanta, requires its employees, and, indirectly, its volunteers to be of Christian faith. Besides, they have a mandatory service each night.

In comparison, while challengers to the initiative validate their opposition by pointing to possible government-sponsored discrimination, they blemish there argument with a hasty broad assumption which equates funding faith-based organizations with funding religion. President Bush “promised to fund programs, rather than religious organizations” (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 43). In other words, by financially supporting a religious group, the government is not funding the organization itself; instead it is funding the individuals who it serves. The initiative is an attempt to recognize the positive role of religion in society:

Nor should it be forgotten that religiously affiliated organizations have long been awarded “contracts for service” and continue to receive substantial federal and state funding to deliver social services, build hospitals, provide instructional materials, participate in educational voucher plans, provide disaster relief, manage immigration processes, and the like. (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 162)

“In other words, assistance to faith-based neighborhood organizations helps build social capital” (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 168). As an illustration, in the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which examines the participation in youth activities and substance use among youths from age 12 to 17, 63 percent of the surveyed youths said that they have participated in faith-based activities during the year; almost equally high as community-based organizations, 69 percent. More important, youths who joined faith-based activities showed the highest percentage, which is 21 percent, of youths who had no Alcohol usage in the past month among other kinds of activities. Similarly, marijuana usage in the past month among youths who attended faith-based organizations was the lowest (U.S. Dept. of Health). Accordingly, funding qualified faith-based groups could rapidly help develops a healthier society.

Meanwhile, to reinforce anti-discriminatory policies, the government must take several measures in validating financial support to religious groups which, in turn, implements church-state separation. In other words, the government should designate specific procedures that separate inherently religious activities from social programs:

However, this traditional public funding comes with restrictions. Namely, those receiving funds must refrain from direct or indirect proselytizing, they must provide services to clients irrespective of their religious affiliation or lack thereof, they must keep separate financial records, and they are required to follow all laws in regard to employment discrimination, workplace safety, and the like. (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 162)

First, religious activities should be conducted in either separate locations or disconnected times. For example, if you hold Bible study and job training courses on daily basis, then you can either hold them in the same room but at different times, or at the same time but in different rooms. Second, faith-based organizations which receive federal funds are not allowed to force individuals to participate in religious activities. For instance, while they are conducting a government funded social activity, faith-based organizations should assign a moment of silence, as an alternative to a mandatory prayer, in which all individuals have the option to pray the way each one wants with no certain obligation. This way the faith-based organizations are still carrying their religious identity, yet at the same time, they are discarding faith-based prejudice. The latter is a solution that encompasses both believers and non-believers. Nonetheless, religious groups may conduct their religious rituals as long as the organizations verify that all individuals understand that they have the option of engaging or not, and that the services that they receive are not going to be affected by their choice. Third, religious organizations which desire to receive federal funds should submit records that account for their usage of federal money. The Authors of Faith-Based Initiatives and the Bush Administration elaborate that religious groups “would have to keep separate books, obtain 501 (3) (c) status approvals, and be willing to submit to the monitoring of their finances and the evaluation of the services that they provide” (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 170).

After discussing the major flaw in the argument of the opponents of the initiative, one must also accredit them for their predictions. They argue that because of Mr. Bush’s evangelical approach, and the fact that the majority of the country is Christian, the government may indirectly prefer a religion over another. According to Paul Weber, during a survey conducted before September 11, 62 percent declined funding Islamic or Buddhist groups while only 38 percent rejected funding Catholic Churches.  Furthermore, he comments that during the application process, understated discrimination could take place: “imagine there is an application from the nation of Islam, which has a long record of community service. If …the Nation of Islam’s grant applications were turned down, would it be because of the quality of their applications or their identities?” (Formicola, Segers, and Weber 66). This possibility can reverts the country to 2 centuries ago of church manipulation.

Evidently, there are some drawbacks of Bush’s faith-based initiative. However, we should appreciate the initiative’s aim of recognizing, and exploiting the benefits that faith-based organizations provide to different communities allover the country. My ambivalence towards the Bush initiative does not derogate the religious motivation of faith-affiliated organizations. Apparently, having faith enables certain people to serve their community more efficiently. Besides, the universal goal is to help improve the American society; it is not to eliminate religious identities. Actually, it is an attempt to reexamine the requirements that make faith-based groups eligible to receive federal funds. Specifically, President Bush needs to define the ambiguous unnecessary barriers that, as he claims, minimize the role of faith-based organizations in serving the American society.

Works Cited

Agreed Statement of Current Law on Employment Practices, Faith-Based Organizations, and government Funding. Working Group on Human Needs and Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, et. al. June 2003. 26 Apr. 2005 <http://www.working-group.org/ Documents/StatementOnCurrentLaw.pdf>.

Formicola, Jo Renee, Segers, Mary C., and Weber, Paul. Faith-Based Initiatives and the Bush Administration. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield P, 2003.

Know All about Us: Our History and Mission. Pregnancy Decision Health Center. 21 Apr. 2005 < http://www.pdhc.org/do/about/history.php>.

Krawzak, Paul M. “Regula, Ney, Democrats Differ on Faith-Based Hiring”. Copley News Service 16 Mar. 2005. 21 Apr. 2005 <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/ document?_m=d2b476d2b9dc2e511ddae022c9b3ab3f&_docnum=7&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkVA&_md5=597eb5d56c01e19194058c413b645a7d>.

Sheeran, Thomas J. “Faith-based groups: Doing Social Work with Federal Dollars”. Associated Press 2 Jan. 2005. 21 Apr. 2005 <http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/ document?_m=cd35cb574bd3f7dda74ea8772ba8dda3&_docnum=3&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkVA&_md5=8116e4553e0e711076baaa16ef4825e8>.

United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance abuse and Mental Health Administration. The NSDUH Report:  Participation in Youth Activities and Substance Use among Youths. 13 Aug. 2004. 27 Apr. 2005 <http://oas.samhsa. gov/2k4/activities/ activities.pdf>.

Black Power Movement and Identity Crisis in “Everyday Use”

Black Power Movement and Identity Crisis in “Everyday Use”

Through “Everyday Use” Alice Walker portrays a critical divergence within America’s Black society on the concepts of heritage, education and Black pride. Specifically, the story displays the sudden and revolutionary societal alterations that the Black Power movement in the 1960’s provoked. During that period of time, African-Americans were interested in rediscovering their roots. The story represents, through the characters Maggie and Dee, two countering approaches of dealing with the African-American past and heritage. More to the point, the mother, in her narration, attempts to reflect both her confusion of bringing together her past heritage with her recent rights as well as her rejection of the Black Power movement as an appropriate solution to that confusion.

With her first appearance in the story, Maggie mirrors the detailed physical and psychological consequences of slavery. Walker tries to convey the image of the history of slavery through Maggie’s character. First, a fire in her old house causes Maggie to suffer from scars all over her legs and arms, “she will stand hopelessly in the corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs” (47). Her body’s physical distortion reminds the reader of the African-American painful history. Secondly, her submissive, passive, diffident and easily frightened personality reveals the self-hatred that takes place after a prolonged life of slavery: “she has been like this, chin to chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire that burned the other house to the ground.”

Dee, a photographer, symbolizes the new Black generation and the problems that they confront in their pursuit of a specific identity. Although the mother proudly utters her daughter’s determination when she said “she was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts” (50), she condemns Dee for her egocentric, aggressive behavior as well as her vocal and demanding personality by giving details such as “she would always look anyone in the eye” (49). In comparison, the Black Power movement shares the same characteristics. This ambivalent attitude towards Dee asserts the mother’s ambivalence towards the Black power movement. On one hand she expresses her pride of the movement’s determination, on the other, she despises their aggression and uncertainty. Moreover, despite her advanced education, Dee lacks knowledge of both her American and African heritage, thereby representing the Black Power movement’s impetuosity. For example, Dee’s ignorance of her American heritage is evident when Dee responds to her mother’s question “What happened to Dee?” by saying that she “couldn’t bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress” her (53). At this point, we see that she does not recognize that her name descends from her old ancestors and could be traced back even prior to the civil war. Similarly, Dee’s new east African name “Wangero,” her West African costume and her Ugandan greetings depicts her unawareness and misapprehension concerning her African heritage. Again, this portrays the Black Power movement as a superficial one that misunderstands the variety of cultural fragments in Africa.

Dee’s boyfriend exists as an element that contributes to her new adopted identity. Walker expresses her contempt towards the shallowness of the Black movement’s leaders in her characterization of Hakim –a barber. Particularly, Black Muslims, who believe that Islam was their original religion before they were enslaved to come to America, led a reasonable part of the Black Power movement. Here, Hakim, by saying that “farming and raising cattle is not my style” (55), emphasizes his external Muslim image with elements such as his Arabic name, beard, and his Islamic greetings over the practical purpose of Islam. This superficial relationship to his Muslim heritage exemplifies the shallowness of the Black Power movement.

In addition, Walker utilizes Dee’s dress as a means of describing the Black Power movement: “A dress so loud it hurts my eyes. There are yellows and oranges enough to throw back the light of the sun. I feel my whole face warming from the hear waves it throws out” (52). The blurring dress and its loudness that hurts the viewers delineate the danger and the harm of the Black Power movement’s impulsiveness. However, at the same time, by saying, “as she walks closer, I like it,” Walker, again with an ambivalent outlook, expresses her partial satisfaction with the movement’s intentions. On the whole, Dee’s former disrespectful actions, which imply her renouncement of her American heritage, echo the movement’s rejection of its American heritage.

As the mother contrasts the two characters, we can deduce that Maggie’s and Dee’s dissimilar personalities account for the permanent conflict between them. Their conflict represents the clash between the ignorant past and the sophisticated present. The burning of the house symbolizes this disagreement:

Sometimes I can still hear the flames and feel Maggie’s arms sticking to me, her hair smoking and her dress falling off her in little black papery flakes. Her eyes seemed stretched open, blazed open by the flames reflected in them. And Dee. I see her standing off under the sweet gum tree she used to dig gum out of; a look of concentration on her face as she watched the last dingy gray board of the house fall in toward the red-hot brick chimney. Why don’t you do a dance around the ashes? I’d wanted to ask her. She had hated the house that much. (49-50)

In other words, Dee ignites the fire because she wants to eradicate the shameful past. Meanwhile, Maggie gets caught inside the house and stuck in the fire, meaning that she embraces and holds on to her heritage. The house represents the past and the burning personifies the Black Power movement: “No doubt when Dee sees it she will want to tear it down” (51). Each sister takes a different path: one stays in the house and holds on to her heritage and the other burns it and moves along with the revolution. “You ought to try to make something of yourself, too, Maggie. It’s really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mama still live you’d never know it” (59). In fact, Dee views Maggie because of her attitudes and appearance as a shame for the Black Power movement. In other words, Maggie is just a painful memory of the past that should be abandoned.

Quilts also contribute to the continuing conflict between Maggie and Dee, and actually function as a medium that demonstrates their divergence. Quilts, to the mother and Maggie, represent their people and ancestors, reaching out to them meant reaching out to their ancestors. In particular, it constitutes a bond among women of different generations. Thus, putting them to “everyday use” denotes a means of strengthening that connection. However, Dee’s desire to hang the quilts on the wall distances her ancestors and their past from her present reality. Specifically, her action aims to transform the quilts, which represent the past, to merely as a purpose of observation. As a result, hanging the quilts represents her attempt to fetishize the heritage and reduce it to a past experience that neither exists anymore nor contributes to her daily life “Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts! She’d probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use” (57). In this regard, she condemns her family for using them daily, and, ironically, deems them ignorant of their heritage. Similarly, the Black Power movement seeks to eradicate their past and American heritage from the African-Americans’ current lives by setting their life apart of their past.

The mother expresses her confusion about the Black Power movement by not showing any bias to either Maggie or Dee until the end of the story. This change occurs because she realizes in the end that the Black Power movement does not acknowledge the enduring hard times that African Americans had to go through in order to survive slavery and obtain civil rights. Throughout her narration, the mother contrasts and criticizes both of her daughters. At the beginning of the story, her initial indecisive standpoint towards the Black Power movement is due to her desire to reconcile her painful history with her recent rights. For example, it is evident that the mother accepts Dee as Wangero initially when she says, “I’ll get used to it” (54). But later she rejects her. Also, the way the mother uses her oldest daughter’s different names reveals the changes in her perspective of the Black Power movement.

Later in the narrative, the mother gradually shifts away from Dee until she accepts Maggie. This is because the mother’s comprehension of heritage, which comes from her love, care and respect for her ancestors, contradicts with Dee’s supposedly educated perception of heritage. Therefore, she makes her final step to accepting Maggie by giving the quilts to her. At the same time, this step also illustrates her final rejection to the Black Power movement:

It was Grandma Dee and Big Dee who taught her how to quilt herself…. This was Maggie’s portion. This was the way she knew God to work. When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. Just like when I’m in church and the spirit of God touches me and I get happy and shout. I did something I never done before: Hugged Maggie to me, then dragged her on into the room, snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangero’s hands and dumped them into Maggie’s lap. (58)

Here she makes her final decision after realizing that Maggie reminds her of her old sister “Big Dee” and her mother. On one hand, the quilts constitute a personal emotional connection between Maggie and her ancestors and heritage. On the other hand, Dee’s new name, costume, greeting, boyfriend and perception of the quilts correspond to her denial of her ancestors and heritage. Moreover, giving Maggie the quilts allows the mother to stay connected with her past, because she saw in Maggie her ancestors. Alternatively, this final scene displays the last time that she calls Dee by the name Wangero, which signifies her ultimate rejection of the Black power movement. It follows that Alice tries to conclude the Black Power movement, represented by Dee, should not define heritage, symbolized by the quilts. Yet, it should be left to the African-American society as a whole, characterized by Maggie, to judge and outline. Meanwhile, her true smile to her sister allows Maggie’s feelings of inferiority to collapse, thereby gaining confidence in herself. Likewise, her psychological agony would come to a healing point when she possesses the quilts and marries. This articulates the satisfactory life that African-Americans would have if they held on to their past and heritage.

Walker not only challenges the Black Power movement’s principles and foundations but shows the inherent dangers that the movement voices to the Black society as well. Even more important, she establishes her central theme successfully by employing the narrator’s standpoint and implicitly investigating its presentation of the cultural conflict, namely, in the characterization of her two daughters. Incidentally, through contrasting herself and Maggie with Dee the mother discloses the educational gap among them. In fact, the mother portrays education as a means of brainwashing and cultural injury: “she used to read to us without pity; forcing word, lies, other folks’ habits, whole lives upon us two” (50). She implicitly claims that her college and school education contributes to Dee’s identity crisis when she said that “Cows are soothing and slow and don’t bother you, unless you try to milk them the wrong way” (51).

The Media: a Mirror with a False Reflection

The Media: a Mirror with a False Reflection 

The American public perceives the media as a reliable means of entertaining themselves and obtaining information. Furthermore, this confidence and trust that people have in the mass media allows it to play a crucial role in the daily life of the American individual. Despite his persuasive examples of the negative images that the American media have of Arabs in “The Media’s Image of Arabs,” Jack Shaheen’s lack of analysis that stereotypes are corruptive, fraudulent, and destructive to society devitalizes his argument. In other words, he should have not only explained how the media develops harmful consequences to the whole society, but also clarified the degree of damage that it causes. 

Firstly, Hollywood movies, TV sitcoms, and novels, according to Shaheen, provide Americans with essential ways of entertainment using various techniques such as violence, seduction, and ridicule. Those techniques incorporate negative images of groups of people who are usually marginalized because of their race, region, and religion. For more than fifty years, Arabs have been that target. Beginning with the past instances that Shaheen presents, which include a variety of stereotypes from belly dancers, villains and terrorists as in True Lies (1991), the American media still imposes an image that conveys Arabs as ignorant “sand niggers.” Secondly, as it is the one who presents to the public the facts, local and international news, the media is similar to a panoptic device. Both of them attempt to use the idea of surveillance to create a uniform community. The media attempts to increase the awareness of the people by supplying them with the daily news, which enhances the confidence of the public in the media. Correspondingly, the Panopticon is designed to assure that its inmates are behaving accordingly. Thus, Shaheen asserts that the daily emergence of misleading pictures, videos, and reports on the nightly TV news, as well as headlines on the newspapers of Arabs as anti-American terrorists, whose main target is the American public, are greatly accepted; especially by children, "To a child, the world is simple: good versus evil" (591). 

Shaheen’s mother articulates how the media imposes false images of people when she warns that “stereotypes blur our vision and corrupt our imagination. Have a compassion for all people, this way you will learn to experience the joy of accepting people as they are and not as they appear in films. Stereotypes hurt” (591). Although Shaheen mentions his mother’s warning, he does not identify harmful consequences that result from believing what the media represents. Still, this issue kindles a debate on several problems such as the media’s distortion of reality, and construction to social definitions and myths. Often times the media focuses on entertaining the public and catching its interests rather than on providing them with major events or news. Thus, this presumably trustworthy source of information fails to address pivotal issues or may sensationalize them with devious analysis or pictures to make them seem more appealing to the public. For example, in many criminal incidents the media tends to connect a crime to ethnic minorities although it may be without evidence. Specifically, this enhances the fallacy that people of color have a higher propensity for committing crime. For example, in the1995 Oklahoma City bombing, Arabs were the first suspects. The attribution of every terrorist attack to Arabs highlights how Americans stereotype Arabs as terrorists because of hasty generalizations. Similarly, the media frequently pins the guilt of a crime on either Blacks or Latinos. This may result in the escape of the actual committers of the crime or the terrorist attack, which, in turn, disrupts society. Also, the former examples illustrate how the media can, inadvertently, prolong racism due to a lack of in-depth analysis. This unintentional use of minor discrimination may lead to stereotyping a whole country, race, or religion. 

Provided its position as a watchdog that is concerned with uniformity, the media imposes its censorship over society by fabricating definitions to the boundaries of normalcy and idiosyncrasy. In addition to the perspective of the general American public regarding people from other countries and cultures, there are parameters in mainstream America which exclude a range of social groups who are disqualified depending on either gender, sex, or region. For example, the main stream American media labels a successful person as a WASP, White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. Likewise, according to Kevin Jennings in “American Dreams” (51), the media often represents people from the Southern part of the United States as stupid because of their accent and slow life. Both stereotypes can minimize the production potential of the excluded individuals. As a result, the mainstream society could lose their competency and skillful performance of for the sake of derision and stereotypes. 

The absence in his essay of the damaging outcomes that stereotypes commonly provoke weakens Shaheen’s assumption that stereotypes are harmful. Furthermore, his example of a dictionary’s definition of an Arab as well as his remark on it indicates the existence of detrimental effects of out-casting a group of people from civilized society. Although he confirms that he “found that ugly caricatures have had an enduring impact on my family”(Shaheen 591), he does not elaborate on those negative impacts. In this regard, beginning with a lack of freedom, the outsiders experience a loss of control over their image that turns to a loss of confidence, leading them to question their identity and eventually to pass their character. The mainstream media’s establishment of a restricted impression of “the other” community or culture, limits the members’ self-determination and causes them to feel an external manipulation. This dispossession of control leads people on the fringe to perform or conform to the so-called normal society. Moreover, it triggers the outsiders to act as if their original individuality disgraces them. 

Furthermore, these individuals begin to believe that there is a stigma associated with authentic character. The notion of the superiority of Americans and the inferiority of others that the American media pervades to the world stimulates this stigma. The gradual loss of composure builds up self-hatred. Next, they attempt to conceal their belonging to the other culture by dwelling out of that fringe. Once there, they reach a stage where that society coerces them to deny themselves. More to the point, when the outcasts sell-out themselves through adopting another image, identity crisis is reached. In this regard, individuals value an external image on the expense of their real images and inner pleasure. They attempt to assimilate and qualify themselves to be accepted in the supreme world by passing their actual personality. These people view “passing,” a process of adopting a new identity, as a necessary step to acceptance and approval. 

After giving many examples of stereotypical images of Arabs in the American media, Shaheen concludes his article with the possible political and religious techniques that could be used in confronting stereotypes. From a political view, he mentions that politicians should confirm the long-term friendship between the US and the majority of Arab countries. Religiously, he points out the typical exclusion of Islam from the circle of Christianity and Judaism. More important, there is a prevalent misperception of God in Islam. Many people believe, misguidedly, that Islam’s God is utterly different from the God in Christianity and Judaism. 

Alternatively, the educational authority, which Shaheen did not state, of the media over the people cannot be neglected. Two commonly used words by the media that are affiliated with the word Arab are Muslim and Middle Eastern. Firstly, Americans must realize that not all Muslims are Arabs and vice versa. On one hand, the Arabic world is a region that is rich with cultural and religious diversity. On the other hand, Muslims are all over the world. In fact, more than a quarter of the world’s population is Muslim. Secondly, in reference to the association of Arabs with Middle Easterners, most of the countries in the Middle East are Arabic. However, the incorrect perception of Iran or Turkey as an Arabic country causes confusion in the Arabic image. Both countries speak non-Arabic languages and their people are not Semitic. Incidentally, the claim that Arabs are anti-Semitic is illogical. According to the Merriam-Webster's dictionary, the definition of an Arab is “a member of a Semitic group of people.” 

In essence, the gist of Shaheen’s essay conveys that Arabs are an enduring evil character that represents fear and which is distanced from humanity in the American media. The emphasis on the media’s defects would have played a role in conveying his argument by virtue of doubting the media’s reliability in presenting information. Also, offering the negative impressions of stereotypes over society would preclude him from falling into a trap of assumption without evidence. The former two issues along with Shaheen’s essay are an attempt to eradicate bigotry and race or cultural intolerance. Another helpful factor could be examining the possible reasons of stereotypes and the feasibility of associating a culture or a phenomenon with a specific image.